The main parts of a 12-volt electrical system with grounded «minus» are 1 2-volt battery generator (driven by crankshaft pulley) and starter.
The battery supplies current to the ignition system, lighting devices and other electrical consumers and has a capacity reserve in case the current consumed exceeds the current coming from the generator.
The alternator has its own regulator that provides high output power when the battery is weak and current draw is high, and low output power when the battery is fully charged and current draw is low.
When connecting electrical components to the vehicle's on-board network with a grounded «minus» it is very important to connect them correctly if they contain silicon diodes or transistors, because if connected incorrectly, these elements may fail. This applies to radios, tape recorders, electronic ignition systems, electronic tachometers, electronic corrosion protection devices, etc. - they must all be connected with the correct polarity.
It is important to know that the positive cable to the battery must always be disconnected if the battery is being charged in the vehicle. If welding is carried out using electric welding, the generator must also be turned off to avoid serious damage. Always make sure that the battery terminals are properly connected to their respective wires. When working on electrical parts, it is recommended to disconnect the negative cable from the battery.